Longitudinal Analysis Using Panel Data for Assessing Seasonality Effects on the Food Security Situation in Tajikistan 2005 Hbs

Issue: Longitudinal analysis using panel data for assessing seasonality effects on the food security situation in Tajikistan 2005 HBS Tajikistan: Longitudinal analysis using panel data for assessing seasonality effects on the food security situation in Tajikistan 2005 HBS RAMASAWMY, Seevalingum FAO Statistics Division, Rome. Italy Household income and expenditure survey (HIES) usually collects food data from households at only one period which may refer to one week, two weeks or one month. Most HIES extend the field work over the entire period of one year to account for any seasonal effects of household expenditure particularly food consumption. The survey estimates assume seasonal effects cancelled out in large groups of households but not at the level of the individual household. Thus, the inter-household variation estimated on the basis of such data would tend to include the seasonal effects. However, the Tajikistan Household Budget Survey (HBS) presents a particular characteristic that it collects expenditure and income data from the same household over a long period of time. The longitudinal design survey accounts for all variations including the seasonal effects when analysed over the months of the yearly period. This paper presents some trend analysis of food security statistics derived from the 2005 Tajikistan household panel monthly food consumption data collected from the sample of 925 households and evaluate the impact of the variability of the distribution of the food consumption in the food security statistics estimates. Keywords: Food consumption data, Food security statistics, Panel data, Dietary energy consumption, Food Deprivation, Critical food poverty, Coefficient of variation. Acknowledgements: FAO (Statistics Division and Food Security Information for Action Programme) for technical assistance and the European Community for financial support. 1. BACKGROUND Tajikistan is a landlocked country, largely mountainous and sparsely inhabited, 90 percent is mountainous and the total area splits the country into four regions (Oblasts) and one independent city, the national capital Dushanbe. Only seven percent of the land area is arable; cotton and wheat are the main important crops. Aluminium is the major country resource together with other limited mineral resources such as silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. With abundant water resources, it possesses much hydropower facilities which are however not well distributed among its population. The civil war (1992-97) severely damaged the already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. While Tajikistan has experienced steady economic growth since 1997, nearly two-thirds of the population continues to live in poverty. Economic growth reached 10. percent in 2004 but dropped to eight percent in 2005 and to 7 percent in 2006. Tajikistan's economic situation, however, remains fragile due to uneven implementation of structural reforms, weak governance, widespread unemployment, and the external debt burden. Unemployment is officially estimated at 30 percent, while the figure is likely to be much higher. Lack of alternative sources of livelihoods continue to exacerb ate household food insecurity and results in under-employment in the agricultural sector, while a large number of young men seasonally or definitely migrate for employment in other CIS countries. There is a high mobility of the working population to Russia, where more than half a million of the population are currently working. The 2007 Tajikistan population was about seven million; nearly 70 percent live in rural areas. The annual population growth is about 2 percent. 2. OBJECTIVES, METHODS AND DATA The paper analyses the trends of food security statistics derived from the monthly and quarterly food consumption data of the Tajikistan 2005 HBS. It also evaluates the trend variations of inequality measures of dietary energy onsumption due to other factors such as income and area of residence and their effects on the measurement of food deprivation. The Tajikistan State Committee of Statistics has been conducting household budget survey (HBS) based on the Soviet methodology collecting household consumption expenditure from a fixed sample of households over time. A nationally representative sample of 925 households was selected from the 2000 population census data frame using th e multi-stage stratification. Rural and urban areas together with criteria of mountains, valley, uplands, lowlands and country borders on the north and south were accounted for. The households were selected at the last stage using the available administrative data with regard to the composition of the household. Household detailed expenditure including food and income data are collected using daily records from the same 925 households over years since January 2000. Each household receives a monthly incentive equivalent to one dollar in local currency. The Tajikistan HBS collected consumption and expenditure data from 925 households over the year using eight different types of questionnaires which enable the collection of complementary expenditure data on a daily, monthly and quarterly basis. Food data are recorded in detail, – stock at the start of the month for each food item, purchases, own production, transfers, (aid, gifts, etc. ) during the month on a daily basis, and closing stock at the end of the month. Income is also collected by sources on a daily and monthly basis. SCS uses a detailed nutrient conversion table covering dietary energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate values for computing nutrient values. The Tajikistan 2005 HBS monthly food consumption data together with the household income were analysed using the FAO statistical procedures of the food security statistics module (FSSM). The paper compares the food security statistics (FSS) estimates from the two sets of data namely the twelve sets of monthly food consumption data and the quarterly aggregated data of the 925 households. The food consumption in terms of dietary energy and expenditure are examined together with the dietary energy unit value at the national level and by the four main regions, Dushanbe, RPR, Sogd and Chatlon and by income quintiles. The inequality measure of food assess is studied in much details to evaluate the variation of area of residence and income over the months of 2005. Measures of prevalence of hunger, food deprivation and critical food poverty are also discussed. Lastly the food expenditure share of total consumption and the diet diversity are compared for the two sets of data. 3. FOOD SECURITY STATISTICS DERIVED USING THE LONGITUDINAL APPROACH. a. Dietary energy consumption The average daily dietary energy consumption (DEC) of the Tajik was 2150 kcal in 2005. The DEC by regions and income levels showed wide fluctuations over the months of the year 2005 as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 below. The population of the capital city Dushanbe and RPR regions had lower DEC levels than the national level during all the months of the year. These two regions had low food production as Dushanbe is the capital city and RPR is the region of aluminium ores and had to rely on food imports from other local regions or imports from neighbouring countries. However, Sogd, the industrial region and Chatlon, the cotton and wheat growing region had DEC higher than the national level almost all the months of the year. These two regions have good food availability as they contain the largest cropping areas cultivating crops such as potatoes, barley, melons, etc. Figure 1: Trends of DEC by Regions Figure 2: Trends of DEC by Income levels |[pic] |[pic] | Analysing the DEC by daily per person income quintiles showed a gradual increasing in the overall monthly level of dietary energy consumption from the lowest to the highest income population groups. The population of the three lowest income groups had DEC below the national minimum dietary energy requirement (MDER) of 1880 kcal/person/day during all the months of the year. Those of the two highest income quintiles had DEC well above the national average DEC. The fluctuations in the DEC of the four lowest income groups over the months were small and less irregular than those observed among regions. However, the highest income population group had more pronounced fluctuations which kept increasing over the months with peaks in March and October. The dietary energy consumption among the Tajik population related more to income levels than place of residence. The levels of DEC for the population of the first four income quintiles did not differ greatly in magnitude. The average daily per person income ranged from 0. 91 Somoni for the lowest quintile to 1. 91 Somoni for the fourth one while the highest quintile had a much higher average of 3. 20 Somoni. This group of high income population which were present in all the four regions may probably influence those observed fluctuations. March and October 2005 were the two months registering high peaks in dietary energy consumption, probably linked to national socio-cultural or religious events. More than 90 percent of Tajiks are Sunnis and were most probably fasting in October 2005 which was the month of Ramadan in Tajikistan. It is a well known fact that during that special religious month, there is a high acquisition and consumption of food in terms of both quality and quantities particularly among the high income levels households. In addition, there is much sharing of food among the community with a large part of food given away by households and at the same time received by other households. However, the recording of such data on food transfers did not take place, thus leaving its effect unknown. b. Food expenditure The national average daily per person monetary values of the food expenditure fluctuated over the months of the year with the lowest value (1. 12 Somoni) in February and the highest value (1. 68) in October when there was that overall high level of consumption. The analysis by regions showed that the population of Dushanbe had a relatively low level of dietary energy consumption, but food expenditure higher than the national level indicating that prices in the capital city were higher than in other parts of Tajikistan probably due to a high importation of food products from other regions or countries. The industrial region of Sogd showed a high level of food expenditure ranging from 1. 17 to 1. 61 Somoni slightly higher than the average food spending in Dushanbe. The population of RPR had the overall lowest food expenditure (Figures 3). Figure 4 shows the monthly trends of food expenditure by income levels. Again the hierarchical differences from highest to lowest income quintile are clearly observed. Food expenditures for the population of the three lowest income quintiles were lower than the national level for all the months of the year. The amount of money spent on food remained at almost the same levels, but with an increase in October followed by a decrease in November and another increase in December probably due with the end of the year celebrations events. The population of the highest income quintile had increasingly high food expenditures with peaks in the three last months of the year of 2005. Figure 3: Trends of food expenses by Regions Figure 4: Trends of food expenses by Income levels |[pic] |[pic] | Figure 4 shows the monthly trends of food expenditure by income levels. Again the hierarchical differences from highest to lowest income quintile are clearly observed. Food expenditures for the population of the three lowest income quintiles were lower than the national level for all the months of the year. The amount of money spent on food remained at almost the same levels, but with an increase in October followed by a decrease in November and another increase in December probably due with the end of the year celebrations events. The population of the highest income quintile had increasingly high food expenditures with peaks in the three last months of the year of 2005. c. Dietary unit value The national average dietary unit value was 0. 57 Somoni per 1000 kcal. This value varied from 0. 55 Somoni for the months of February and March to 0. 63 Somoni in December. The population of the capital city Dushanbe had the highest dietary energy unit value over all months of the year of 2005, paying abnormal high values in the months of January (0. 71 Somoni) and October (0. 75 Somoni). Population of Sogd had also a high overall dietary energy unit value which increased slowly over the months of 2005 (see Figure 5). It is surprising to note that the dietary unit value fell in all regions in the month of November before going up again in December. This could probably be due to a fall in food prices resulting in a surplus of food items on the market due to the end of the religious month of October. Figure 5: Dietary energy unit value by Regions Figure 6: Dietary energy unit value Income levels |[pic] |[pic] | The dietary energy unit value showed marked increasing patterns over the months of the year when analysed by income levels with again a drop in the values in November followed by an increase in December. The lowest quintile population had an overall yearly dietary energy unit value of 0. 49 Somoni compared to a value of 0. 66 Somoni for the highest income quintile. d. Diet Diversity The share of total calories of nutrients in total calories of dietary energy showed a protein deficiency diet when compared to the WHO norms (Figure 7). The share contribution of protein was around nine percent, while the |Figure 7: Share (%) of nutrients in total calories and WHO guidelines | |WHO minimum and maximum values are 10 and 15 percent respectively. The| | |share contribution of fats was within the WHO norms, but the share | | |contribution of carbohydrates (70 percent) was more towards the | | |maximum value of 75 percent. Consumption of protein food sources such| | |as pulses, fish, meat or dairy products were very low. | | | |[pic] | The regional analysis of the share of protein calorie contribution to total calories is given in Figure 8 and showed large and uneven variations were observed among the regions over the months of the year. The population of Dushanbe were more protein deficient (almost below 9 percent in all months except July to September) than other regions while the population of RPR had relatively, though still deficient, higher protein consumption. There were two months (July and September) when there was increasing protein consumption in all regions probably due to availability of protein rich food products coming from the harvest seasons. There was no clear difference in the level of protein consumption among population groups of different income levels over the months of the year (Figure 9), except that all income groups showed the same increasing patterns over the months of July and September, before falling down in October. This situation could be the due to the scarcity of high protein food products on the Tajikistan markets or highly prohibitive selling prices if available. Figure 8: Share of protein calorie by Regions Figure 9: Share of protein calorie by Income levels |[pic] |[pic] | e. Inequality. The distribution of dietary energy consumption is assumed to be lognormal and its variance is a function of the Coefficient of Variation (CVx). This CVx includes income and biological sources of variations of dietary energy consumption and is a measure of access to food. The biological variation (CVr) accounts for factors such as sex age composition, body weight and physical activity of household members. The CVr is estimated as a value of 20 percent. |Figure 10: CV of dietary energy consumption due to income by 2005 quarters and |Figure 10 gives the inequality of food access due to income | |months |computed for groups of households classified according to the | | |income deciles. The national CVx of dietary energy consumption| | |(DEC) on yearly basis had a value of 30 percent which included| | |a value of 22 percent corresponding to the CV of DEC due to | | |income. The CVx values estimated for quarterly data differed | | |marginally from the yearly CVx. The estimated monthly CVx was | | |less than the yearly CVx, except for the months of October and| | |November. |[pic] | | A striking observation is that the monthly inequality measures of DEC due to income were in most cases (except the three last months) less than the quarterly or yearly values which are inflated with other variations due to inter household, seasonal (within quarter) and other non random factors. Those variations were analysed using the available 2005 longitudinal food data with between household factors of area of residence and income using a linear model of the log of dietary energy consumption with repeated measures (months). The analysis of variance results are shown below. |[pic] |The variation estimates in the rightmost column have been | | |converted to the original dietary energy consumption scale for| | |better understanding. As expected area of residence (rural and| | |urban) and income levels (deciles) were significant sources of| | |the between household variation (standard deviation of 2062 | | |Kcal/ person/ day). This variation reflects sources of | | |variations not included in the model, the random variation and| | |the undesirable variation due to sampling design and | | |instrumental errors. The within sources of variation were | | |significant in time (months) and time within area of residence| | |and time within income levels. | The within household variation (standard deviation of 608 Kcal/person/day) was smaller than the between household variation. However there is a significant source of variation due to seasonality. In this study one should take into account that the between household variation estimates may be over-estimated as result of the sampling design. This study does not address on this design effect on the variation between households. In commonly used household survey design where the household reference period is of one month or less and households are allocated over a one-year survey period the sources of the within variation (month, month within area, month within income and error) is added to the survey estimates. This means that in NHS considering random allocation throughout the year add variation to the between household CV and hence over-estimate the prevalence of food deprivation. f. Food deprivation. The longitudinal data of Tajikistan 2005 HBS was also analysed by comparing the food deprivation over the four quarters to study the food consumption distribution and any improvement in the level of undernourishment over the one year period. Four percent of the population had moved out from the food deprived population over the year due to a 2 percent increase in the average daily dietary energy consumption and a three percent point decrease in the coefficient of variation (CV) due to income from 31 to 28 percent. The MDER of 1880 kcal/person/day was the same for both quarters. Movements of population from food deprived population were observed in both urban and rural areas by two and six percent respectively. There were marginal increases in DEC were noted in both urban and rural areas, but the later registered a significant 5 percentage point decrease in the CV due to income. While there were significant improvements among the population of the three lowest income quintiles, there were small set backs for the populations of the two highest quintiles groups due mainly to an around 2 percent fall in their dietary energy consumption (Figures 11 and 12). Figure 11: Food deprivation (%) by RegionsFigure 12: Food deprivation (%) by Income levels |[pic] |[pic] | The prevalence of food critical poverty which measures food income deprivation showed a marginal fall of 1 percentage point at national level from quarter one to quarter 4 of the year 2005 (Figure 13). Figure 13: Food critical poverty (%) by quarters of 2005 national and sub national levels |[pic] | | | |The prevalence of critical food poverty fluctuated over the four | | |quarters of the year. There was a high prevalence of food poverty | | |in the second quarter at the national and sub national levels. It | | |then fell in the following quarters. However, food critical | | |poverty in urban areas was higher than rural areas due to the food| | |availability at lower prices. g. Depth or Intensity of Food Inadequacy Figures 14 and 15 below show the depth of food poverty with relation to the MDER over the four quarters of the year, at the national and sub national levels and by income levels respectively. The Figures show that urban areas which had a low DEC had a higher food deficit than the national and rural areas. The food deficit was less in the fourth quarter at the national level and in urban and rural areas. This was also true for the income levels due to the high level of DEC observed as from October 2005. There was a general high food deficit during the third quarter in almost all the regional or economic population groupings and the high income group witnessed a food deficit of about 150 kcal/person/day. Figure 14: Food deficit (Kcal) to MDER Regions Figure 15: Food deficit (Kcal) to MDER Income levels |[pic] |[pic] | h. Food share The share of food expenditure to total consumption expenditure estimated from the annual household data at national level was 69 percent. The share of food expenditure at national level showed an erratic trend over the four quarters of the year 2005. From a level of 68. 4 percent in the first quarter, it increased to 69. 6 percent, fell down to 65 percent in the third quarter and rose to 65. 3 percent in the last quarter. The same patterns occurred in urban and rural areas, but with higher magnitude in rural areas and lower values for urban areas (figure 18). However, the food share showed a decreasing trend over the four quarters with increasing income levels with a high food share (80 percent) among the population of the low income group to about 50 percent for those of the highest income group. The second quarter had the maximum food share in most of the population groupings (Figure 19) which could be a period of harvest of some food crops. Figure 16: Food expenditure share by Region Figure 17: Food expenditure share by Income levels |[pic] |[pic] | Figures 18 and 19 illustrate the share of dietary energy consumption by food sources at national and sub-national levels and by income levels respectively for the four quarters of 2005. Purchase was almost the only source of dietary energy consumption for the population of the urban regions, while own production food constituted a significant share of DEC to the order of about 40 percent in most of the other population groupings. There was little variation in own production contribution between the quarters, apart from some high share in quarters one and four for the high income level groups, probably due to the harvesting season. Figure 19: Share of DEC by food sources & Figure 18: Share of DEC by food sources & Regions Income levels |[pic] |[pic] | 4. CONCLUSION The analysis of the longitudinal food consumption data of Tajikistan 2005 HBS provides some useful and pertinent characteristics of food security statistics: †¢ Food deprivation differed by seasons and by income levels. †¢ Food consumption is seasonal and is influenced by national ocio-religious events. †¢ Food demand was high in high income levels during specific periods. †¢ Dietary energy unit value differed with seasons and income levels. †¢ Diet consumption of nutrients was affected over the seasons. †¢ Food consumption from purchases were not affected by seasons while that from own production varied over the months of the year. †¢ There was a seasonal affect on the diet consumption of nutrients †¢ Food inequality or access measures were low when estimated with monthly data and the use of more aggregated d ata caused overestimation. The intensity of hunger differed by season and income levels †¢ Food share varied with seasons and level of income. REFERENCES 1. FAO (2003). Methodology for the measurement of food deprivation. Statistics Division, Food Security Statistics. Rome. Available at the Metadata of the Food Security Statistics webpage http://www. fao. org/faostat/foodsecurity/index_en. htm 2. FAO (2006). Food Security Statistics Module, Step 1 – Processing User Manual, Step 2 – Analysis User Manual and Step 3 – Reports User Manual, FAO July 2006. . Sibrian R Ramasawmy S and Mernies J (2007). Measuring hunger at sub national levels from household surveys using the FAO approach: MANUAL. FAO Statistics Division Working Paper Series No. ESS/ESSA/005e. Available at the webpage. http://www. fao. org/es/ess/faostat/foodsecurity/Papers_en. htm . 4. Tajikistan Food Insecurity Assessment report derived from the food consumption data of Tajikistan 2005 HBS, Dushan be August 2007. http://www. stat. tj/english/home. htm[pic]

Country Case Report for China Essay

The third largest land area in the world belongs to the People’s Republic of China. Presently, its population is the largest on the record and its capital, Beijing is the economic and cultural center. China’s economic growth greatly improves due to the trend of poverty reduction during the period of 1980-1990. From 542 million to 375 million, shrinking by 167 million, China’s poverty population exceedingly reduced. Angang stated that China’s achievements in poverty reduction made huge contributions to the cause of poverty reduction of the world (2). According to World Bank, the poverty population of the world dropped off by 98. 3 million. Among the five Asian countries with the most condensed poverty population are India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia, and according to the industrial poverty line, China’s current proportion of poverty population is the lowest. Statistics show that China has experienced a period of human history in which poverty population decreased by a largest margin in the past 2 decades, and reversed the trend that poverty population has been increasing in the past five decades in the world history, causing the poverty population of the world to decrease for the first time. That is to say, without China’s efforts of poverty reduction, the poverty population of the world would have increased from 848 million in 1980 to 917 million in 1990. (Angang, 2-3). Ambassador Baodong stated that the Development-oriented Poverty reduction program for Rural China for the period of 2001-2010 generated grand effects in the global poverty reduction. The number of rural population in China declined to 21. 48 million and 2. 3% of national poverty incidence was accounted for the 55% of global poverty reduction in 2007 (Baodong, 1). Technological development plays a vital role in the country’s economic growth. From 1980 to 1990, China’s expenditure amounted to US $17billion for imported technology. The trend of research and development made an immense leap. As a result there has been a modest amount of growth in the country’s development however the inefficiencies posted to be the chief dilemma. At the end of 1990, statistics illustrated that 50 of Shanghai’s large and medium enterprises only reached 10 percent of international level of quality standards and 30 percent arrived at the prototype stage using the new programs. From the year 2001 – 2005, this country became a major IT nation in the world, standing third place in manufacturing setting and first rank in telecommunications. The business cycle of the Chinese economy had undergone substantial magnitude from the time when the government established in the mid1950’s centralized economic management and planning. The period from 1979-1990 was depicted with relative stability and high escalation. In 1955-1978 economic growth rates, the movement went from 5. 7 percent to 9. 3 percent in 1979 to 1993 period. Investment cycles, harvest fluctuations, political disturbances, inflation and periodic retrenchments are the major factors that affect business cycles. Downturn was evident during 1980-1981, then an upswing from 1982 – 1989 and the business cycle in 1989 was another downturn and an upturn in 1990. Imai’s stated that his conclusion on Chinese business cycle stated that cycle interacts with exogenous shocks and generates business cycles with dissimilar amplitude and duration. An investment cycle is generated by patterned reaction of central planners who adjust the level of fixed investment in response to capacity pressure, an indicator of macroeconomic tension. An instititutional prerequisite of this cycle is the weak financial accountability of state enterprises (178). Economists added that the efficiency wedge, which represents institutional change and technology advance, was the main source of economic fluctuations in 1978 – 2006. The amplitude of it fluctuation declined after 1992, which resulted in moderation of business cycle fluctuations. Distortions manifest themselves as taxes on investment, which represents frictions in the capital market, became another economic fluctuation source after 1992, which is different from results of business cycle accounting on US and Japan data. Results also show that government consumption and net exports played minor roles in generating business cycles (Gao). China’s world trade generated a strong impact on its growth. Imports and exports led China to be among the world’s most significant export destinations for other Asian countries. Since the year 1979, the country’s global trade gradually improved. Presently, Japan’s exports of 11 percent came from China, before it was only 2 percent during the end of 1990. The Chinese government implemented tariff reductions in order to continue its longstanding trend in world trade. During 2004, China’s tariff rates dropped from 0. 6 to 10. 4 percent. Part of the country’s trade reforms to (WTO) World Trade Organization is to lessen tariff rates and eliminate import quotas and licenses, opening sectors for foreign country involvement such as telecommunications, financial and insurance services. Complete access to foreign participants is greatly assured through automatic licensing procedures. Eradication of limitations on trading and domestic distribution for majority of goods is also part of the plan. According to WTO, China will retain import state trading for wheat, rice, corn, sugar, tobacco, cotton and chemical fertilizers, as with export trading, corn, tea, rice, coal, silk, crude and processed oils, cotton, tungsten and ammonium products are included. In addition to this, China had been permanently bestowed with the most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment by other participants of WTO. As response to this honor, some countries have abolished restrictions on China’s imports. The contributing factor for the possible boost in China’s trade is when quota restrictions are lifted. China’s membership to World Trade Organization made enormous effect on some of the trends in relation to the role of China in international trade. Examples comprise of its magnetism to foreign investors and developing role in global export base. This is evident in IMF statistics that showed its market share in Japan, United States and Europe, from the period 1980 to 1990, an overall total of 10. 3 percent, and end of 2003, a whopping 37 percent (Source: IMF, Direction of Trade Statistics). â€Å"Just as water always flows to the lowest point, China is bound to be the first option for foreign capital investment† (â€Å"China’s Cheap† A1). China’s labor force is considered cheap and also of good quality. It is estimated that 100 million of employees in rural areas are likely to be waiting to be changed to urban workers. The Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is a significant gauge to quantify the labor supply of PR China. In the period of 1980-1990, the LFPR in China is higher among other countries. The most likely basis is moderately low income level. There is high participation in the labor force among women because one wage earner is inadequate to support a family. In the last 5 years (2002-2007), women’s participation in the labor force exceedingly increased according to APEC statistics. Presently, the government was executing the guidelines which were implemented during 1997, which was the division of labor market between urban and rural areas. The labor market is exclusively for high school graduates or those with lower educational background. This probable outcome of this situation is the layoffs in urban places and labor surplus in rural areas. In the coming years, it has been forecasted that China might face a nationwide labor shortage. The country is fast approaching the â€Å"Lewisian turning point†. It is a theory by Arthur Lewis stating the turning point from surplus labor to labor scarcity. In the year 1980, State Council issued a decree prohibiting the use of foreign exchange for making payments in China. Foreign exchange rates or Waihui, equal in value to the Renminbi at effective rate, were put into circulation for use by nonresidents only. It could be use for transportation fares, hotel bills and purchases at Friendship stores. Then in 1981, the foreign trade rate was since fixed at 2. 80 from 1. 750. In 1985, the internal settlement rate was abolished and all trade was governed by the Effective Rate. A foreign exchange retention quota also exists for a portion of export proceeds. Authorization was granted for Chinese residents to hold foreign exchange and open foreign exchange accounts and to deposit and withdraw funds in foreign exchange. In the year 1986, The trade-weighted basket of currencies was abandoned and the Effective Rate was placed on a controlled float based on developments in the balance of payments and in costs and exchange rates of China’s major competitors. Shanghai International Trust and Investment Corporation was authorized to handle exchange business. In 1988, early this year, all domestic entities which are allowed to retain foreign exchange earnings were granted permission to trade in the adjustment centers, and by October 1988, 80 adjustment centers were established. Initially, a relatively small volume of transactions took place in these markets, but the volume has increased substantially since access to the centers was expanded. The Foreign Exchange Swap Rate was 6. 60 from 3. 72. In 1989, regulations were issued governing the use of foreign exchange obtained in foreign exchange adjustment centers. Imports of inputs for the agricultural sector, textile, and for technologically advance and light industries were given priority. Purchases of foreign exchange for a wide range of consumer products were prohibited. Such corporations are permitted to sell in China for foreign exchange provided that the sales involve purchases under the Government’s annual import plan, sales in Special Economic Zones and other promotional areas, and sales of import substitutes. The Foreign Exchange Swap Rate was 5. 40 from 3. 72. By the end of 1990, The Foreign Exchange Swap Rate was 5. 70 from 5. 22. (Ka Fu) Presently, Premier Jiabao stated in the Annual Meetings of the Board of Governors of the African Development Bank Group in Shanghai that the government continues to push the Renminbi exchange rate reform in order to confer larger range to the role of the market. The reform permits citizens to purchase more foreign currencies and commercial banks. Financial market development has been highlighted with China’s monetary reforms. The People’s Bank of China (PBC) has made great strides in modernizing its monetary policy frameworks but their effectiveness will diminish as the sophistication of the economy increases. Empirical evidence supports maintaining a reference to money in China’s monetary strategy and enhancing the role of interest rates in its conduct (Maino, 44). The most suitable monetary strategy for China would be an eclectic monetary policy framework, whereby the growth in money supply and bank credit extension are used as intermediate guidelines for the determination of short-term interest rates. In addition, in deciding on the most appropriate monetary policy stance, developments in a number of other variables need to be taken into consideration, because the monetary aggregates are loosing some of their usefulness as indicators of future inflation due to structural changes in the economy (Maino, 40). The IMF also points out that Chinese monetary policy could improve noticeably if the central bank were granted more discretionary power to set interest rates. In the last two years, increases in the trade surplus and significant inflows of foreign capital have led to a large accumulation of international reserves, which has further complicated monetary policy handling. In this respect, the IMF has welcomed the changes introduced into the Chinese exchange rate system as a significant step towards making this system more flexible. Although it is difficult to define an â€Å"equilibrium† exchange rate, and not just revaluation, must be adopted if china is to increase the independence of its monetary policy and shield its economy against external shocks (Ruete, 8). Works Cited Angang, Hu. China’s economic growth and poverty reduction (1978-2002). 2 June 2003. IMF. 20 April 2008 . Baodong, Li. Remarks by Ambassador LI Baodong At Ministerial Roundtable Breakfast of Economic and Social Council On â€Å"Food, Nutrition and Agriculture: Working Together to End Hunger†. 12 July 2007. China-UN. 22 April 2008 â€Å"China’s Cheap, High-quality Labor Lures Foreign Investment†. Editorial. Xinhua News Agency 21 December 2002, A1. Gao, Xu. Business Cycle Accoounting for the Chinese Economy. N. p. : n. p, n. d. http://www. wdi. umich. edu/files/Publications/WorkingPapers/wp795. pdf Imai, Hiroyuki, Explaining China’s Business Cycles. 6 June 1996. IDE. 22 April 2008 . Ka Fu, Wong. International Economics. 1 January 2007. 23 April 2008. . Manio, Rodolfo. China: Strengthening Monetary Policy Implementation. 1 January 2007. Social Science Research Network. 23 April 2008 . Ruete, Javier. The Development of China’s Export Performance. 7 March 2006. Central Reserve Bank of Peru. 23 April 2008 .

Bookstore Inventory System

Table of Contents Introduction Statement of the Problem Theoretical Framework Conceptual Framework Significance of the Study Scope and Delimitation of the Study Definition of Terms Introduction Information Technology has brought different changes in the environment especially in the growth of advanced technology. Modern technology is used by many companies and other business establishment either private / public in order to benefit the advantages that it brings to businesses. They use a computer as one of the devices to work easier and faster. It is one of the aspects considered in order to gain success in the competitive world of business. Information Communication Technology or ICT is used as a general term for all kinds of technology which enable users to create access and manipulate information. ICT is a combination of information technology and communications technology. In an increasingly interconnected world, the interactions among devices, systems, and people are growing rapidly. Businesses need to meet the demands of their employees and customers to allow for greater access to systems and information. All of these communications needs must be delivered in a unified way. By offering a scalable infrastructure, cloud computing models enable companies to work smarter through more agile and cost-effective access to technology and information. This unified platform reduces costs and boosts productivity across business. Part of an information and communications technology roadmap should involve consolidating infrastructures, while providing added benefits to users in collaboration, messaging, calendaring, instant messaging, audio, video, and web conferencing. Cloud computing is driving more efficient IT consumption and delivery and taking ICT to the next level. The importance of having an efficient and robust Bookstore Inventory and Sales System cannot be understated. As technology continues to evolve, customers are demanding streamlined customer service and instant access to easier transaction process. Bookstore Inventory and Sales System generates customer service processes, increases efficiency and improves technological factors. Statement of the Problem This system aims to handle transactions and to have a success in customer interaction presents. 1. How can the customer view the details of a certain item they need. 2. How can the administrator view all the records of the entire customer. 3. How can the administrator compute the bills of the customer. 4. How the administrators can add and delete customer’s record. 5. How can the administrator manage the customers. Theoretical Framework Bookstore Inventory and Sales System provides the easiest way in customer service. At this point, our system is one whom we designed for the purpose. First, a user can register either an administrator or a clerk provided the questions and requirements asked as he go through the process then if successful, he will be automatically registered in the logs. If registered as administrator, he can do all changes in every transaction on sales and records for the authority is in that position. He can delete, edit, or add in the records available. He can also view all the stocks and the total sales in a certain date. On the other hand, clerk, he can only do things that only a clerk can do such as do transactions with the customer purchasing in a certain date and record it accordingly. Conceptual Framework Significance of the Study This system will be able to lessen the difficulty of service providers in finding and locating the book/s the customer want to buy. With corresponding details and price of each book, the clerk can be able to automatically inform the customer. This system will also help them know the quantity of books and stocks available. This will also function as a sales inventory for all the transactions recorded accordingly. This system will be able to lessen the time – consuming processes for clerk and customers, create a quick and easy ambiance for all transactions, to develop a customer clerk interaction with a good atmosphere, and especially to increase the number of sales because of the good services it provides. Scope and Delimitation From manual system to automated system is a very hard job to do but for an easier way it is designed to make the work faster. This inventory system can keep all the information and transactions in the computer. The admin can do change if the customers can’t achieve his/her needs. Admin/Clerk can compute the bills of the customers in an easiest way. This system can display all the customers’ information and needs. The customers can have his/her record in the computer and can have his/her service in details as he/she has requested. Definition of Terms 1. The act or process of making a complete list of the things that are in a place. 2. Sales The total amount of money that a business receives from selling goods or services. 3. Transaction A business deal: an occurrence in which goods, services, or money are passed from one person, account, company to another. 4. Bill An itemized statement of money owed for goods shipped or services rendered. 5. Clerk A person whose job is to keep track of records and documents for a business or office. 6. Administrator A person who controls the use of something (such as property or money).

Social Media Autoethnography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Media Autoethnography - Essay Example My personal usage of social media depicts a scenario whereby I have to adjust my daily schedule in order to balance all my activities, considering that social media usage can be both addictive and time consuming. With the growing number of social media platforms that are offering equally interesting user experiences, I normally change my habits, interactions, and communications, depending on which social media platform is more viable. In essence, I use social media about two to three times a day depending on other commitments that I have. Whenever I have any time at my disposal, I usually check into some of my favorite social media platforms to update my status and get updates from my friends. Sometimes I take a week without visiting any social networking site, particularly when I am busy. However, I tend to create time for social media so that I can interact with my friends and professional colleagues. Since social media is a bit casual when compared to the official communication channels, I usually use casual and informal language whenever I am on social media. Nonetheless, I always maintain respect and integrity on such sites. I essentially use social media for communication and entertainment purposes. I have to admit that sometimes I receive insightful information and I learn from other people’s social media updates. My purpose is to synchronize social media with my other commitments in a manner that will have a positive impact in my life. In this respect, my social media communication is usually respectful and trustworthy in the sense that I neither peddle rumors on social media nor share any unverified information. In as much as I would like to appear informal while communicating on social media, I always maintain a tinge of professionalism. For example, when constructing a message, I always watch my tone besides considering my intended audience. Since my

Lola Rennt ( Run Lola Run ) ( Tom Tykwer,1998) Essay

Lola Rennt ( Run Lola Run ) ( Tom Tykwer,1998) - Essay Example The three different endings of the film significantly experience intrigued, delight, annoying or sometime it also frustrates viewers trying to make any sense behind these three sequels (Ebert, 1999; Wilson, n.d.). Emphasising on different views and summary plots of the film, the essay critically explores one of the major extracts of the film RLR and provides effective learning outcome from the three alternate endings of the film. In this regard, the discussion of the essay delivers understanding and viewpoint about the script and how it can be evaluated in our day-to-day life. RLR represents jeopardising situations through its three distinctively developed alternate endings. According to the story of the film, it has been critically identified that the script of RLR is a blend of few major attributes that reflects a sense of intrigue, delightful, annoyance and frustration characteristics. Lola gets a panicky phone call from Manni, her boyfriend who appeared in the film as a trainee drug-runner. Due to the vulnerable consequences of his current position, Manni becomes more panic stricken and immediately blames Lola for not showing him up at the right time. Lola clarifies that â€Å"her moped had been stolen.† Desperately, Manni reveals that he had to walk to the subway with a full bag of one hundred thousand Deutschmarks as she had failed to show him up at the early stage of engagement with drug-running. He becomes scared due to the presence of two guards and leaves the subway train without the bag. However, within twenty minutes of the incident, he immediately meets with the criminals and is claimed about that one hundred thousand Deutschmarks or else he will be killed. At that time Lola gives her assurance to do something for her boyfriend and determines to save Manni from the â€Å"die spiral† (Ebert, 1999; Wilson, n.d.). Director Tykwer has dramatically represented the

Long-Term Investment Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Long-Term Investment Decisions - Essay Example The consumer will have to consume the commodity as normal even if the prices are increased. The managers thus should consider the reactions from the competitors before raising prices. Since consumption of the food is maintained, increasing prices may lead to rival firms to sell more units than the firm. This will reduce its sales and market share and hence loses a lot to the competitors. Consumers usually have believed that high prices are associated with high quality. If the firm wants to attract more sales, they should consider increasing quality or rebrand the product as this would change the consumer’s perception of the product in a positive way. They would thus increase their purchasing power making the firms to have high sales. Managers should also have a good timing as to when to increase the prices. During low seasons of the business, they can keep the prices low so that they keep with the increased customers demand however little it may be. These losses can then be recovered in off seasons through producing more units at high prices. For example, during festive seasons and holidays, consumers spend more than expected. The government usually enters into the production process majorly by providing incentives and changes in taxation. Providing subsidies lowers the production cost of the company. The company is able to produce more and increase the market supply (Tisdell & Hartley, 2008). To increase production, they will hire extra labor leading to employment in the economy. As supply increases, demand is relatively constant leading to low prices to the consumers. However, if the government does not provide subsidies, the company operations cost will be high and hence reduce output and will lay off workers leading to unemployment in the economy. This decreases supply and since demand is high, prices will increase leading to inflations in the economy. The government can decide to use tax

Project Management Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Project Management Methods - Essay Example Project Management has developed into a major area of study. One of the major reasons is the fact that there are numerous factors that are not fully understood in project management. Every project needs three resources: Man, Material and Money. Managing men, material and money might be the easiest thing to do when compared to the software projects or IT projects. What makes IT projects different is the fact that it is mostly virtual and almost uniformly not realized in any physical form until the final moment. The lack of understanding of the expectations of the end user is just one of the bottlenecks. The very fact that every end user has his or her own perception of the requirements makes the IT project a far tougher proposition than what it was conceived to be. Surveys conducted by Robbins – Gioia (2001) concluded that nearly 51% of all software projects fail. They also said that nearly 46% of the companies just did not know where they are going with the IT projects. Most of the projects go over board on cost as well as on time (Brenda Whittaker 1999). Worse still is the fact that most of the companies are not able to identify what is a success and what is a failure. At the same time, Standish Group released a report that compared the performance of IT projects all through the last decade. From 1994 to 2005, the Group indicated that the IT projects have improved in their performance and have been consistently producing better results. The graph below from the Standish Group's CHAOS report (2004) indicates that the success rate has been increasing gradually. Though this is cause for commendation, still majority of the projects, over 71% of the projects, still fail or do not satisfy the customers who are paying for it. This paper studies the numerous causes for the failures. The paper also studies the various methods adopted by the people to forestall failures and how these methods have failed if they have. Also analyzed are the success reasons for some of the projects. Why do some projects succeed And what makes such projects better than the rest of the projects The results of such study are looked at in this paper. 4. Aims and Objectives In order to put in the right perspective the discussions, the following aims and objectives have been set for this project. The aim of the project is to identify why software and IT projects fail and why their failure rates are higher. This will ensure that real issues behind the failures are identified and listed. Once this is done, the objective is easily reachable. The objective is to find the right project management method and the right process that a software development company should adopt so that the failure rate of their project is low. This objective can be met once the problem points are clearly identified. 5. Literature Review 5.1 Introduction The literature review of the project failure would aim at studying the various methods that are available. While doing so, the primary evolutionary path of these project management methods was identified. This would also ensure that the reasons behind such a methodology will also be known. Every development

Response Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response Paper 2 - Essay Example For example, if someone is in a concentration camp for nothing but being Polish, they are a victim. But, if they are extorting other people in the concentration camp by acting as an informant to the Nazi guards, they are also victimizing other people. Therefore, it is possible to be, at the same time, victim and victimized; there is always someone on some higher level, who is victimizing the person victimizing you. In Gross’ book, this relationship is made very clearly. Gross’ book is not perfect, although it does refer to patterns of concentration camp victimization, because the book is also the victim, and perhaps has been victimizing the reader. Time will tell, but there are accusations that Gross left out dozens of licenses for different people - witnesses, defendants, etc., who spoke on the role of the German outbreak of food poisoning, and instead just quoted the witnesses, which indicated the participation of Poles. It was argued, among other things, the first test of a chef Julia Sokolowski, which was later withdrawn, and the material Karol Bardon, a German policeman, who was sentenced to death, tried to dilute its responsibility and blame residents of the city. Professor Gross has never explained the reasons for his choice. He never explained why he accepts some of the documents and rejects others. â€Å"I am convinced that Neighbors is a book which had to be written and which is needed. Facing up to the painful truth of Jedwabne i s, in my conviction, the most serious test that we Poles have had to confront in the last decade† (Strembzosz, 2001). In reality, ideas of victimization in terms of this book may run deeper than expected, if any part of it is found to be fabricated. â€Å"A subsequent investigation conducted by the  Polish Institute of National Remembrance  (IPN) largely supported Grosss conclusions  The IPN investigation concluded that "residents of Jedwabne and its environs, of Polish nationality, committed

Scanners and Xerox 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scanners and Xerox 2 - Assignment Example establishment, the organization, which is currently headquartered at Norwalk Connecticut after migrating from Stamford Connecticut, has overtime been termed by various stakeholders as the ideal document management Corporation. This was major because Xerox Corporation has been at the forefront in management of data worldwide. In the recent past, however, multiple business pressures from various sectors of the economy have threatened the dominance of Xerox Corporation. In this essay, we are going to dwell on some of the multiple business pressures that have been threatening the dominance of Xerox Corporation as well as the strategies that the multinational organization adopted to stay relevant within the market. In addition, the essay touches on the role of IT in creating the business pressures and how IT can be used to avert some of the challenges. One of the most significant pressures that Xerox Corporation has faced is the recent past is the fluctuation in equipment sales. In the past, most of the products and services that were introduced by the American-based multinational were widely accepted within the society. In fact, the revenue that the Corporation used to earn from the sale of equipment was considerably high. In the recent past, however, the Corporation has failed to move some of the innovations that prioritized, making the multinational lose its grasp of the market (Walker, 2003). Another business pressure that has been faced by the multinational is the fact that it has on several occasions focused on high-profit margin businesses instead of investments that have rapid turns of low-margins; consequently, the organization has seen its earnings plunge considerably. Similarly, Xerox Corporation faced exodus of most of their innovative employees who were out in search of greener pastures. Various economic experts hold the belief that Xerox Corporation has been under significant business pressure because it has faced strong competition from other entrants

Persuasive text analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Persuasive text analysis paper - Essay Example The use of this art has a notable effect on the public to which it is directed in that it can help to shape a group’s opinions on particular matters. One of the most important speeches in American history utilizes persuasion excellently. It is the ‘I have a dream’ speech by Martin Luther King Junior (King, 2002). King delivered this speech on August 23rd 1963, in Washington to a huge crowd of mainly African American people who had come to listen to him. This speech revolves around the injustices that the black community was continually exposed to during this period. He devised this speech as the start of a revolution against racism that was eating into the United States making the African Americans live impoverished lives (Stewart, 2003). It was a call to not only the black community, but also to the white people to embrace justice in order to ensure equality. As much as the blacks had been freed from slavery almost 100 years back, he explains, true equality betwe en the black and the white folk had not yet been achieved. Racism was still very much a part of their lives, and this affected their living standards significantly. His main problem was mainly the inculcation of this mentality of racial superiority to the young children who did not know any better. It is safe to state that this speechis significant   in the eradication of racism in the United States (Price, 2006). King, in his speech effectively uses persuasion as well as other styles of language that make his speech truly unforgettable. An analysis to determine how effective the art of persuasion was and what effect it had on its audience is conducted. As previously explained, the speech focuses on the problem of racism that was affecting the African American community at that time. King uses the analogy as a language style in order to persuade his audience when also relaying his intended message. An analogy is a style that uses two objects that seem not to be related to each oth er in order to bring out a point. This process is used to provoke the imagination of the listeners to which it is addressed. King uses an analogy of a promissory note that the country provided to the blacks as they were freed from slavery. He states, â€Å"America has given the Negro a bad check; a check that has come back marked ‘insufficient funds† (Lucas, 2001). His analogy employs the use of a well-known object, a promissory note that is a business document that assures or promises and individual of payment at a specified time that both involved parties agree on. King compares the United States’ assurance of equality between blacks and the whites after the abolition of slavery as a promissory note. This promissory note is not valid since it has not fulfilled the conditions it was expected to in the first place. This means that the country has not been true to its word as such; it has given the African American community a ‘bad check’. Resultantly , the African Americans have been forced to live in bad conditions since they do not have the same rights as their counterparts, the white people do. Through this analogy, King altered the way most if not all of his public thought of the issue of racism. It was a problem that they were facing, but they had become complacent since not all their attempts to alleviate the discrimination had been successful. However, this speech gave them a new strength to press for

Differential Equation Essay Example for Free

Differential Equation Essay Assume that the resulting system is linear and time-invariant. x[n] O + r0n] D y[n] +1 3 -2 Figure P6. 5 (a) Find the direct form I realization of the difference equation. (b) Find the difference equation described by the direct form I realization. (c) Consider the intermediate signal r[n] in Figure P6. 5. (i) Find the relation between r[n] and y[n]. (ii) Find the relation between r[n] and x[n]. (iii) Using your answers to parts (i) and (ii), verify that the relation between y[n] and x[n] in the direct form II realization is the same as your answer to part (b). Systems Represented by Differential and Difference Equations / Problems P6-3 P6. 6 Consider the following differential equation governing an LTI system. dx(t) dytt) dt + ay(t) = b di + cx(t) dt dt (P6. 6-1) (a) Draw the direct form I realization of eq. (P6. 6-1). (b) Draw the direct form II realization of eq. (P6. 6-1). Optional Problems P6. 7 Consider the block diagram in Figure P6. 7. The system is causal and is initially at rest. r [n] x [n] + D y [n] -4 Figure P6. 7 (a) Find the difference equation relating x[n] and y[n]. (b) For x[n] = [n], find r[n] for all n. (c) Find the system impulse response. P6. 8 Consider the system shown in Figure P6. 8. Find the differential equation relating x(t) and y(t). x(t) + r(t) + y t a Figure P6. 8 b Signals and Systems P6-4 P6. 9 Consider the following difference equation: y[n] ly[n 1] = x[n] (P6. 9-1) (P6. 9-2) with x[n] = K(cos gon)u[n] Assume that the solution y[n] consists of the sum of a particular solution y,[n] to eq. (P6. 9-1) for n 0 and a homogeneous solution yjn] satisfying the equation Yh[flI 12Yhn 1] = 0. (a) If we assume that Yh[n] = Az, what value must be chosen for zo? (b) If we assume that for n 0, y,[n] = B cos(Qon + 0), what are the values of B and 0? [Hint: It is convenient to view x[n] = Re{Kejonu[n]} and y[n] = Re{Yeonu[n]}, where Y is a complex number to be determined. P6. 10 Show that if r(t) satisfies the homogeneous differential equation m d=r(t) dt 0 and if s(t) is the response of an arbitrary LTI system H to the input r(t), then s(t) satisfies the same homogeneous differential equation. P6. 11 (a) Consider the homogeneous differential equation N dky) k~=0 dtk (P6. 11-1) k=ak Show that if so is a solution of the equation p(s) = E akss k=O N = 0, (P6. 11-2) then Aeso is a solution of eq. (P6. 11-1), where A is an arbitrary complex constant. (b) The polynomial p(s) in eq. (P6. 11-2) can be factored in terms of its roots S1, ,S,. : p(s) = aN(S SI)1P(S tiplicities. Note that S2)2 . . . (S Sr)ar, where the si are the distinct solutions of eq. (P6. 11-2) and the a are their mul ­ U+ 1 o2 + + Ur = N In general, if a, ;gt; 1, then not only is Ae a solution of eq. (P6. 11-1) but so is Atiesi as long as j is an integer greater than or equal to zero and less than or Systems Represented by Differential and Difference Equations / Problems P6-5 equal to oa 1. To illustrate this, show that if ao = 2, then Atesi is a solution of eq. (P6. 11-1). [Hint: Show that if s is an arbitrary complex number, then N ak dtk = Ap(s)te t + A estI Thus, the most general solution of eq. P6. 11-1) is p ci-1 ( i=1 j=0 Aesi , where the Ai, are arbitrary complex constants. (c) Solve the following homogeneous differential equation with the specified aux ­ iliary conditions. d 2 y(t) 2 dt2 + 2 dy(t) + y(t) = 0, dt y(0) = 1, y'() = 1 MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw. mit. edu Resource: Signals and Systems Professor Alan V. Oppenheim The following may not correspond to a parti cular course on MIT OpenCourseWare, but has been provided by the author as an individual learning resource. For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw. mit. edu/terms.

Argumentative Essay Essay Example for Free

Argumentative Essay Essay Ever since the war on terror our government continues the abuse of human rights by, always tracking individuals and labeling them, practicing lock downs of cities for when they really need it, and always adding to the list of freedoms there taking away from us. Most people don’t see it as that many people see it still as a war against people that terrorized America. Soon after 9-11 the United States best computers where hard at work beginning a process to find and label terrorist in America and by doing so they invaded everyone’s privacy by constantly scanning emails and texts, voice recognition software on all our phones, Facebook is primarily used to profile people and find more about their personal mind sets and likes. Our cell phones can trigger words that start voice recording software so anyone can listen in on our calls. Right after the Boston bombing the government exercised martial law by having everyone clear the streets and clearing house by house, no one could be outside without being considered a threat, that’s putting people on lockdown and testing out how well it works on big American city’s or towns and to see how well the people listened. One by one our freedoms are being taken away and no one can stop it, it’s part of the new technology and life we will have to grow and live into and our children. Ever since the terrorist act most of our freedoms where taken away right there, and as time goes on and we continue to let our government control us pretty soon we will have no freedoms what so ever and will be under full control as a people. Everyday new and better technology comes out that can help control America one way at a time. The war on terror has contributed to the growing abuse of human rights and no one will do anything to stop it. If we don’t come together as a hole to stop it people will soon be robots living under the control of one ruler or a group of people that decide everything about us.

Challenges Of The Hr Specialist Management Essay

Challenges Of The Hr Specialist Management Essay As a HR specialist, what are the challenges you may face and what HR intervention mechanisms would you consider using in an attempt to drive individual and organisational performance in a multinational company? Critically evaluate this question by utilising the appropriate academic literatures. This thesis proposed the challenges of the HR specialist when there engage in attempt of increasing the individual and organisational performances in Multinational Companies through developing a set of coherent HRM best practices, especially relating to employee recruitment and selection, performance management and staff retention. Since the organizations are multinational number of concerns are arises such as dealing cultural issues with the organizational goals as well as individual goals. Furthermore organizational behaviors and tools such as engagement, motivation and empowerment are basically highlighted; without those it is merely a dream to achieving the business goals. Basically Multinational companies are aiming profits and there for individual and organisational performance are very vital for their existence. HR has been organized in a different ways over the years. Some functions have emphasized delivery by location or by business structure. In these models an integrated HR team has serviced managers and employees at specific location or with in specific businesses units, with some more strategic or complex tasks reserved for the corporate centre. The degree to which these different arms of HR were centralized or co-located and the question of whether they were managed by the business unit varied. Within the HR teams, depending up on their size their might have been specialization by work area (especially for industrial relations in the 1960s and 1970s) or by employee grade or group (responsibility, say, divided between those looking after clerical staff from those covering production) The advancement of personal management starts around end of the 19th century, when welfare officers came in to being. This creation was a reaction to the harshness of industrial conditions, coupled with pr essure arising from the extention of the franchise, the influence of the trade unions and the labour movement and the campaigning of enlightened employers, often quakers, for what was called industrial betterment. (CIPD Research Role of HR) Personal Management(PM) is mainly concerned with obtaining, organizing and motivating the human resources required by the corporation (ARMSTRONG, Michael, 1977) PM includes a range of activities which deals with the workforce other than the resources and also more administrative in nature. HRM deals with soft issues rather than administrative tasks of personnel management and explain a wide vision of how management would like the resources to organise to the success of the organization. Becker and Gerhart (1996) and Wright,Dunford and Snell (2001) have concluded that although the traditional view as HR acost to be minimised (Becker Gerart,1996:779)is being challenged by the rise of strategic HRM, the conventional view is still prevalent in the professional domain. Wright, Dunford and Snell(2001)expand on this by stating that the HR function hasconsistently faced a battle in justifying its position in organisations (Wright,Dunford Snell 2001:701) and during times of economic hardship, the HR function is usually the first function to feel the full effect of organisational streamlining and cost cutting efforts. There are various models exists to explain the peoples role in an organization. The business oriented approach to people management described by Storey (1989) as Hard HRM emerged as a method of responding to and supporting the enterprise culture of the 1980s. Hard HRM and Soft HRM are two contrasting styles that helps to tackle workforce in an organization. Hard HRM mainly focused on achieving organisational goals while Soft HRM deals with more insightful functions like Human Resource Education, Leadership Development, Organization Culture, Relationship building while the achieving organisational goals. More recently the importance of involving and developing people which is characteristic of current approchches to personal management has been emphasized by the resource based theory of the firm formulated by Barney(1991). This explains that competitive advantage is achieved if a firm can obtain and develop human resources which enable it to learn faster and apply its learning more effectively than its competitors. An approach based on this concept will aim to improve resource capability(Kamoche,1996)achieving strategic fit between resources and opportunities and obtaining added value from the effective deployment of these resources.(The name has changed but has the game remained same, Armstrong) Ulrich described how HR practitioners employ in a set of roles defined along two axes: strategy versus operations and process versus people. The four key roles that become known from these two dimensions are Strategic partner, Administrative Expert, Employee Champion, Change agent. Strategic Partners help to successfully accomplish business strategy and meet customer needs. Administrative Experts continuously improve organisational efficiency by reengineering the HR function and other work process. Employee Champions maximize employee commitment and capability while Change Agent delivers organisational transformation and culture change. (CIPD Resarch Of HR, 2007) There have been considerable tensions around the conceptualizations of roles and how the work of Ulrich and others has been interpreted. According to Ashton and Lambert (2005),while Ulrichs original four roles have been influential, whether and how they are put in to practice varies. (The changing HR functions) There are some organizations where HR is seen as a central, corporate function with little advancement to business units. Some other organizations position themselves in the opposite direction, with a very small corporate centre and all the activity distributed to business units. The question of best structure is how the function best organizes itself between the pulls of centralization and the pushes of decentralization.(The changing HR functions) The HR assumptions and HR practices observed in high performing firms are the key elements to the formation of the Best Practice theory. Employment security, selective hiring, self managed teams, high pay contingent on company performance, extensive training, reduction of status difference, and sharing information are the key element of the theory. However less concern about the organisational goals and culture are given as draw backs for the theory. According to the best fit theory a firms that follows a cost leadership strategy designs narrow jobs and provides little job security, whereas a company pursuing a differentiation strategy emphasizes training and development. In other words this argues that all SHRM activities must be consistent with each other and linked to the strategic objectives of the business. Selective hiring of new employees are greatly support to achieve both individual and organisational performance. Recruitment and selection is more or less subjective in its nature, with the objectives of any given business at the forefront of process. To select the best fit there is no specific way. It is clear that combining techniques greatly increases accuracy. The combination of intelligence test or work sampling leads to a substantial improvement in validity (Shmidt and Hunter(1998)). Comprehensive recruitment and selection policy will be enable an organization to become competitive with in the market and also, with right people in the right place at the right time, will lead to a high performing culture with in the organization while adding extra value to the organisation. The main focus of Employee Recruitment is to generate a pool of appropriate candidates for the selection process. This to be carried out in cost effective way and while remain in lawfull. Organizations can de cide whether to select externally or internally. Internal recruitment may not always be beneficial. Ex: no one suitable or stagnation. Best way is to recruit both internally and externally (Torrington, Hall Taylor, 2008). But many organisations prefer to look to recruit internally first especially when this represents a promotion (Newall Shackleton, 2000) To select the best fit there is no specific way. It is clear that combining techniques greatly increases accuracy , the combination of intelligence tests with structured interview, integrity test or work sampling leads to a substantial improvement in validity (Schmidt Hunter (1998).) At the interview stage attitude based competencies should give more priority in order to select the best candidate. In addition during the recruiting and selection process psychological contract between employer and the employee is distinct and specify. According to the report Engaging for Success: enhancing performance through employee engagement,engaged employees have a sence of personal attachment to their work and organization; they are motivated and able to give of their best to help it succeed and from that flows a series of tangible benefits for organization and individual alike'(Macleod Clarke 2009:7) HRM uses various technologies to direct employees behavior towards objectives and tasks that deliver approved organisational performance. Many organizations try to frame these levers with an overall performance management system, and attach incentives and rewards to achievements of objectives and targets within this. In recent years PM has become massively popular. The basic idea was to fix behavior to targets and attach financial rewards. Howe ever performance related pay was not always introduced for the best reason; there was a preoccupation with defining measures to which individual rewards could be attached and the connection with performance was often tenuous (IPM/IMS, 1992) For many line managers PM is still means no more than the appraisal process and it seen as time consuming, bureaucratic, paper driven and top down with little reference to organisational performance and goals.(Egan,1995) Despite significant efforts to present performance management as a systemic process and to raise managers sights (eg.Armstrong,1994;Hartle, 1995) many fundamental problems remain. A PMS may, indeed, support employee development, but this is often undermined by number of problems, among the most important which are, The link between individual behavior and business objectives, Defining and aligning objectives, Motivation theory and managers own assumptions and beliefs, Performance management as a management process, The impact on the employment relationship etc.. A analysis of above issues highlights fundamental questions about performance linkages and how rewards are attached to these and how the motivation to control unnecessarily and inappropriately vitiates the design of rewards and incentives.(Human Resource Management Journal, vol 10-No-3) In addition people performance is vitiated by the obsession with control and therefore is liable to undermine, rather than contribute to, performance. It should only be done within a context of strict attention to corporate business objectives and limited number of specific improvement goals. Engagement is a crucial organisational tool that can generate both individual and organisational performance and can be defined as a set of positive attitudes and behaviors enabling high job performance of kind which are in tune with the organization mission'(Storey, Wright Ulrich 2008) Recent research concluded that there are 3 broad groups of employees. Engaged (loyal, productive, would recommend their organization to friends) , Non-engaged (productive but not bonded, tempted by job vacancies, instrumental, focus on hours JDs), Disengaged (physically present but psychologically absent, negative, uncooperative, hostile, uninvolved) (Buckingham (2001) What a waste PM October) We can perhaps distinguish between two types of employee turnover: Functional vs Dysfunctional turnover functional turnover serves to promoted ideas and methods and can thus renew a stagnating organisation (Carrell et al, 1995, 177). According to Hom and Griffeth (1995), functional turnover is more common than dysfunctional: In addition, high turnover is often less troubling in relatively low skill occupations; especially customer-service related ones (fast-food restaurants, telesales, etc). Kearns (1994) suggests this is because organisations want to harness short-term enthusiasm. Thus, empl oyee turnover may not be a bad thing, however, there is likely to be a point beyond which it is unhealthy. Taylor (2008) suggests this is a rate of 5-10%. The more valuable the employee to the organisation, the more damaging the resignation especially if he/she chooses to work for a competitor Indirect concerns/costs include:-Productivity losses,Impaired quality of service,Lost business opportunities, An increased administrative burden,Employee demoralisation Direct costs include: Recruitment costs (advertising, admin, etc),Induction/training costs,Other admin costs associated with new hires,Overtime/ cost of temporary workers,Reduced productivity during induction Taylor (2008)-The employee turnover decisi Evaluate existing job, Experience job dissatisfaction, Think of quitting, Evaluate expected utility of search for new job and cost of quitting, Decide to search for alternatives, Search for alternatives, Evaluate alternatives, Compare best alternative with present job, Decide whether to stay or quit, Quit on process Mobley(1977), ten stage model. There are ways to investigate why employees leave from the organisation.,Exit interviews (89%)Anon. exit questionnaires (28%),Word of mouth (25%),Extrapolate from staff attitude surveys (23%),Exit interviews external consultant used (2%),Surveys of ex-employees (rare) (CIPD survey 2009) Following ways are considered as most effective way to address staff retention.Realistic job previews, Job e nrichment, Workspace characteristics (environment), Induction practices, Leader-member exchange, Employee selection, Reward practices, Demographic diversity,Managing inter-role conflict (Hom Griffeth, 1995) Multinational Corporation has its facilities and other assets in at least one country other than its home country. Such companies have offices and factories in different countries and usually have a centralized head office. Nearly all dominant multinationals are American, Japanese, or Western European such as Nike, Coca-cola, Wal- Mart, AOL, Toshiba, Honda and BMW. MNCs may take any of four forms: a decentralized that has a strong home-country presence; a global and centralized corporation that can acquire a cost advantage through centralized production; an international company that builds on the parent companys technology or research and development; or a transnational enterprise that combines all three of these approaches. In the modern world the capabilities and the knowledge incorporated in an organisations human resources are the key to performance. So on both the cost and benefit sides of the equation, HRM is crucial to the survival, performance and success of the enterprise. For MNCs, the additional complications of dealing with multicultural assumptions about the way people should be managed and differing institutional constraints become important contributors to the chances of that success. A culture is a set of basic tacit assumptions about how the world is and ought to be that a group of people share and that determines their perceptions, thoughts, feelings and to some degree, their overt behavior. Culture manifests itself at three levels. The level of deep tacit assumptions that are the essence of the culture, the level of espoused values that often reflect what a group wishes ideally to be and the way it wants to present it self publicly and the day to day behavior that represents a complex compromise among the espoused value, the deeper assumptions, and the immediate requirements of the situation. (1996)(Sloan Management Review/fall 1996) Geert Hofstedes theory of cultural dimensions describes the effects of a societys culture on the values of its members, and how these values relate to behavior, using a structure derived from factor analysis. The theory has been widely used in several fields as a paradigm for research, particularly in cross-cultural psychology, international management, and cross-cultural communication. The original theory proposed four dimensions along which cultural values could be analyzed: individualism-collectivism; uncertainty avoidance; power distance (strength of social hierarchy) and masculinity-femininity. (task orientation versus person-orientation) With compared to UK Asian countries characterized by high power distance and week uncertainty avoidance. The HRM approach in Asia generally accepted as being humanists rather than materialistic. Therefore MNCs in Asia focus much concentration on personal growth and development of employees. In return for an organization creating opportunities, employees reciprocate with increased commitment and lower levels of absenteeism and turn over. (Ayree, Chen and Budhwar,2004) In European context highly focus on Individualism and masculine with low power distance and week uncertainty avoidance Hofstede,1980). Performance Appraisal Systems (PAS) basically aimed towards being achieving individual-level targets for employees and preparing cutting edges to identifying performance ratings for rewards. Individualism is more common in western cultures unlike Asian culture is more parental. Therefore western HR practice may be not measured the required standards in Asian MNC employees performance if it not ideally matched for the cultural and organisational targets. However some argues that the world is becoming more globalised, all aspects of business and HRM are becoming more alike which indicate the convergence divergence debate. In conclusion there is evidence to suggest that including the practice out line within this thesis organisational behaviours and tools can used to drive organisational and individual performance in Multinational companies. It is essential to have suitable recruitment and selection process, Performance Appraisal System and Staff Retention plan to ensure the right people, In the right place, at the right time with right attitude. Training and development is also vital to improve HR performance. In addition HR Specialists role will be more specific when these techniques applying in to multi cultural environments where people perceptions and behavioral patterns are different from each other.

ADHD Impact on family Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Impact on the Family After reading the articles Driven to Distraction and Lost in Translation, both from Today’s Parent magazine, I have learned many new things. I learned that it is sometimes not very easy to pick out a child with ADHD, even if it is your own child. It could take years to discover that a child has ADHD. It can be easily detected once the child has entered elementary school. One of the signs of ADHD is falling behind in school, or acting up and not being able to pay attention for long periods of time. This causes frustration for the child, the parents, teachers and the other students in the classroom. It is difficult for parents because they do not want to believe that their child has a disability. It is even harder for the child because they are the ones that have to deal with the name calling, being held back a grade or two and just knowing that they are different. The issue of being different for a child living with ADHD is very stressful and could make the child not want to le arn new things or pay attention in school. They just give up on trying to learn. From these articles I have also learned that it is easier to pick out boys with ADHD than it is with girls. This is because the boys are generally more active, restless and known for impulsiveness. Girls with ADHD are normally up and down in regards to their grades. One day she will get zeros and the next will be perfects on the same assignments. The attention level that boys show tends to be the...

Writing an Essay :: Writing an Essay

How to Write an Excellent Essay Excellent essays get results. A well-written essay can earn you a scholarship or entrance into your favorite college. Many essays win contests and prizes and encourage others to live better lives. Well written essays turn the hearts of the people. Early America was motivated to fight for freedom from England because of the writings of Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson. Your well-written essays might be printed in newspapers and make a positive impact in the lives of others. You can change cold hearts and encourage fellow believers by your written words. To write a good essay, one must have a particular point to make. A well-written essay includes an interesting point to ponder in the introduction, an assortment of solid facts to emphasize the point in the body, and a strong summation in the conclusion. If you are writing for a contest or scholarship, then the topic suggestions may be given to you. If you are practicing writing essays and you cannot come up with a topic, try writing emotional statements. Here are some ideas: I hate abortion! Income tax is against the Constitution! There is NO speparation of church and state in the Bill of Rights! Israel has the right to defend itself from terrorism.... etc. Start your essay with a grabber statement, quote or question. Be sure that you hook your reader’s attention. Expound on your opinion or your concern with a few sentences explaining your point of view. The next part of your essay needs to have clean clear facts to back up your powerful point. Here is where you can quote other people. A good essay does not always have to be only about your own opinion. You will be more effective if you integrate other’s opinions or facts and data to back up your point of view. Try to give a few facts with a sentence or two to explain each fact with clear supporting points. Be sure to use good connecting phrases to connect your facts. For example, begin with your main point and why you are concerned. * Excellent Essays Get Results The need to write excellent essays is more important today than ever. Well-written essays can earn scholarships, change hearts and open doors once closed by bigotry and prejudice. Then start explaining your position by writing clear exact facts or well documented solutions to the problem.

Emily Dickinsons Fascicle 17 Essay -- Emily Dickinson Fascicle 17 Poe

Emily Dickinson's Fascicle 17 Approaching Emily Dickinson’s poetry as one large body of work can be an intimidating and overwhelming task. There are obvious themes and images that recur throughout, but with such variation that seeking out any sense of intention or order can feel impossible. When the poems are viewed in the groupings Dickinson gave many of them, however, possible structures are easier to find. In Fascicle 17, for instance, Dickinson embarks upon a journey toward confidence in her own little world. She begins the fascicle writing about her fear of the natural universe, but invokes the unknowable and religious as a means of overcoming that fear throughout her life and ends with a contextualization of herself within both nature and eternity. The first poem in the fascicle, â€Å"I dreaded that first Robin so†, shows us a Dickinson who is intimidated by even the most harmless creatures in the world around her. Despite the title she gives herself, â€Å"The Queen of Calvary†, her fears seem to hinge on a feeling of inferiority to these small harbingers of spring (24). The first chirp of the robin holds some awful power, while the daffodils become fashionable critics of Dickinson’s simplicity. These comparisons set Dickinson up as someone very small and â€Å"childish†Ã¢â‚¬â€she cannot even stand up to birds and flowers without fear of being exposed to them and found lacking (26). The next poem, â€Å"I would not paint—a picture—† continues this idea, but with a slightly more pleasant spin. While somewhat paradoxically rejecting the idea of making art herself (even devoting a stanza to why she should not write poetry), she gives a sense of the exhilaration she find s in being the audience for any kind of art. Ultimately,... ...Dickinson has for the most part conquered her fears. As the second poem gave us the unsettling idea that the author of the poem we were reading was afraid to compose poetry, this poem shows us her coming to terms with that. Her list of creatures blessed with wonders they had not dared to hope for extends quite naturally to include her. She has come to her â€Å"Heaven† through poetry—â€Å"unexpected†, but eventually with confidence brought about by the trials dealt with throughout the fascicle. The poems are very closely linked, each one showing us some new aspect of Dickinson’s personality that leads toward her confidence. Finally, Dickinson has found her voice and in this final poem proclaims that she has found a peace to which she had not dared aspire at the beginning. Now she has both nature and poetry within her grasp—this is â€Å"Heaven† and â€Å"Old Home† all at once.

The Unique Corporate Culture in Google

The Unique Corporate Culture in Google Executive Summary The internet giant of search engine â€Å"Google†, always rated for the â€Å"Best Workplace†, â€Å"Best Employer† in the recent ten years. Why? Except the professional technology, Google’s great and unique corporate culture made so. The feature of Google’s corporate culture is equality, free and human oriented.The company provide the most luxury and comfortable work environment to its employee, encourage them relax more, play hard and work hard. From Google’s case, more and more companies realized the perks and benefits for the employee are no longer only medical, insurance, overtime pay, free coffee and two weeks holidays. In Google, nobody need to punch the clock, you can work in your own â€Å"time zone†.If you don’t want to leave your pet in the working time, bring it in your office, you can stay with it in every minute. You don’t need bring the lunch box to t he company, because it has free breakfast, lunch and dinner every day. Vast kinds of facilities are well-established. Like the professional massagist, the gym, the massage chair, the bicycle, the dry clean laundry, the slides, the electronic scooter, the oil change, and so on.Everything seems great, but if the employee has other demand, they can speak to the founder or CEO directly, maybe the request would be excessive or crazy, but if it is feasible, Google will satisfy employee in every possible way. The open policy reflects the equality in Google. Every employee can see the boss and co-workers work plan and schedule. Google think this way can let all employees get the information about company’s program progress and developing direction, make them feel they are trusted and will be one of the groups always.

Disaster Management of Majuli Essay

INTRODUCTIONMajuli is matchless of the largest river islands in the world (26 45N 27 12N and 93 39 E 94 35 altitude of 60 95m above msl). The overlord land mass of Majuli was 1250 Sq. km (1950) which has importantly reduced to 650 Sq. km (2001) overdue to erosion. The island is leap by the river Brahmaputra on the South, the river Subansiri on the nor-west and Kherkatia Suti in Northeast. Geomorphologic on the wholey the island is alluvial. Large number of wetlands and rivulets bring up excellent breeding ground for numerous indigenous fishes. E really year whether in that location in onslaught in Assam or not, the Majuli Sub- Division is always affected by rising tides, forcing people to take shelter in roads and higher land.DEMOGRAPHIC AND climatical CONDITIONSAs per the year 2011 Majuli consists of a tote up of 248 villages with a total population of 153400. bug out of this Majuli Developmental debar consists of 91757 persons and Ujani Majuli Development Block consi sts of 61643 persons. The main occupation and source of accompaniment of the people is agriculture and pisiculture. A fictitious character from these tourism, horticulture, sericulture, sauceboat making, cattle raising and dairy nurture excessively constitute a lift off of their fundingMajuli macrocosm a part of north east India enjoys a sub-tropical mode and the average pelting is about 215cm. The summer is foldepressioned by monsoon and winter during which the knowledge base faces a variety of natural hazards.DISASTER pretend ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION OF VARIOUS DISASTERS gormandize HAZARD estimationMajuli being a part of Assam which is surrounded by rough areas like Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Tibet and Bhutan is more given over to flood lamp than any opposite mishap. Majuli suffers great hurt to career and property as it is wee-wee by flood every year. exposure AND CAUSES OF FLOOD IN MAJULIThe typefaces of flood in Majuli are due to excessive rainfall in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland, melting of snow at Tibet etc. During flood the rivers get supercharged with enormous quantity of silt and in their movement the rivers alter the condition of take to the woods and sometime change the river courses causing much(prenominal) miseries to the people living in its low line basin, making the area open to annual flooding. After the great seism 1950 the river bed of Brahmaputra is rising day-and-nightly due to disposition of sand carried down from the upstream. This has also lead to the formation of saucer influence low lying zone in the plain of the district. Unscientific human usurpation and settlement in antithetic flood plain areas is a another cause of flooding in Majuli. Destruction of plant cover in upper catchment areas of all rivers mainly in Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland is also a leading cause of flooding in Majuli.MITIGATION PLANPre-disaster planning consists of activities much(prenominal) as disaster moderateness and disaster eagerness. The best example of mitigation is the body structure of embankments and construction of proper drainage trunk in flood prone areas to forfend floods. Flood mitigation refers to the measures aimed at saloon and preparedness. It reduces the actual or probable violation of floods on the people and their environment. The objective of flood mitigation is to control changes in the strength of run-off, peak stage of the flood, time of rear and duration of floodwaters, and location of flooding. Finally it guides reconstructive memory so as to ensure reducing in vulnerability. The best example of preparedness activities are the development of federation sensory faculty and sensitization system through community education and administrative preparedness by way of stockpiling of supplies, developing nip plans for rescue and relief.EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ASSESSMENTMajuli falls below earthquake zone-V and very nigh to the Alpine Himalayan belt. So it falls in an area which is prone to earthquake. The area experiences frequent earthquakes which results in meaningful loss alone less as compared to flood. VULNERABILITY OF EARTHQUAKE IN MAJULIThe area is quite vulnerable to earthquake but the vulnerability to the loss and damage of life and property is less as compared to other areas in the same zone. This is because the area does not comp inauguration of very high rise buildings and infrastructure. The ancient monuments and heritage sites possess monumental vulnerability as they were constructed many eld back.MITIGATION PLANMajuli falls under earthquake zone-V so following mitigation measures should be interpreted to reduce the equal of earthquake Adoption of building codes for sunrise(prenominal) construction in various areas. exoteric utility buildings must be regain in stable areas or strict soil. Retrofitting of weak structures.Relocation of people subsidence in the steep slope areas and near the river bank. The other example include s retrofitting of weak buildings to bewilder them earthquake resistant.CONCLUSIONMajuli is prone to a number of hazards besides flood and earthquake like cyclonic storm rout out accident etc. and the area being a river island faces a high vulnerability. So appropriate steps should be taken for disaster risk mitigation and keep back the world heritage site from different hazards it faces. There should be a continuous planning & execution of plans for providing sustainable livelihood for most vulnerable communities. The Cultural and guinea pig uniqueness of Majulis heritage is right away undergoing scrutiny and consideration for declaring it as solid ground Heritage site as heathenish landscape by UNESCO.